Melt butter in a large pot over medium heat. Add sliced onions and cook for 4 to 5 minutes until softened.
Add garlic and cook for about 30 seconds until fragrant.
Pour in chicken broth and stir to combine.
Add Cajun seasoning, smoked paprika, black pepper, salt, red pepper flakes, bay leaves, and hot sauce if using. Bring to a simmer.
Add potatoes and corn if using. Simmer for 10 to 12 minutes until slightly tender.
Add sliced sausage and cook for 5 minutes to release flavor into the broth.
Gently place cabbage wedges into the pot. Cover and simmer for 12 to 15 minutes until tender but still holding shape.
Remove from heat and stir in apple cider vinegar.
Taste and adjust seasoning if needed.
Serve hot with broth spooned over the top.